杨凡 发表于 2013-7-16 21:57:41

民法彩色笔记二——110BBS论坛独家整理

<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal align=center><FONT color=#000000><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; FONT-SIZE: 36pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">民法彩色笔记</SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 18.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 隶书" lang=EN-US><?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></FONT></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal align=center><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: #333300; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">民法两大规则:私法自治、交易安全</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #333300" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal align=center><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: #333300; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">物权法的目的是“物尽其用”;</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #333300" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal align=center><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: #333300; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">合同法的目的是“促进交易”;</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #333300" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal align=center><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: #333300; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">担保法的目的是“保护债权”;</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #333300" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal align=center><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 隶书; FONT-SIZE: 14pt"><FONT color=#000000><FONT face="Times New Roman">第一部分<SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN></SPAN>民事权利、义务与责任<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></FONT></SPAN></B></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT color=#000000>德国学者冯·图尔说:“权利是私法的核心概念,同时也是对法律生活多样性的最后抽象。”权利构建了民法的核心内容,整个民法就是以权利为中心而构建的体系。学习民法就是学习民事权利体系。对民事权利分类及其各自特征的掌握是我们学习民法的起点。</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT color=#000000>与民事权利紧密相联的概念是民事义务、民事责任。三者的逻辑联系在于:有民事权利,必有相应的民事义务,反之亦然;违反民事义务,必然产生相应的民事责任。这三个概念及其分类,既是民法的基本概念,也是民法的基本常识。</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT color=#000000>基于认识问题的逻辑顺序,我们先从民事权利及其基本的分类开始讲起。</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; FONT-SIZE: 12.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT color=#000000>一、民事权利及分类<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><?xml:namespace prefix = v ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:vml" /><v:shapetype id=_x0000_t87 filled="f" path="m21600,qx10800@0l10800@2qy0@11,10800@3l10800@1qy21600,21600e" adj="1800,10800" o:spt="87" coordsize="21600,21600"><v:formulas><v:f eqn="val #0"></v:f><v:f eqn="sum 21600 0 #0"></v:f><v:f eqn="sum #1 0 #0"></v:f><v:f eqn="sum #1 #0 0"></v:f><v:f eqn="prod #0 9598 32768"></v:f><v:f eqn="sum 21600 0 @4"></v:f><v:f eqn="sum 21600 0 #1"></v:f><v:f eqn="min #1 @6"></v:f><v:f eqn="prod @7 1 2"></v:f><v:f eqn="prod #0 2 1"></v:f><v:f eqn="sum 21600 0 @9"></v:f><v:f eqn="val #1"></v:f></v:formulas><v:path textboxrect="13963,@4,21600,@5" o:connectlocs="21600,0;0,10800;21600,21600" o:connecttype="custom" arrowok="t"></v:path><v:handles><v:h yrange="0,@8" position="center,#0"></v:h><v:h yrange="@9,@10" position="topLeft,#1"></v:h></v:handles></v:shapetype><v:shape style="Z-INDEX: 4; POSITION: absolute; TEXT-ALIGN: left; MARGIN-TOP: 6pt; WIDTH: 9pt; HEIGHT: 38.55pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 201.6pt; LEFT: 0px; flip: x" id=_x0000_s1029 filled="t" fillcolor="#c9f" type="#_x0000_t87"><FONT color=#000000></FONT></v:shape><v:shape style="Z-INDEX: 3; POSITION: absolute; TEXT-ALIGN: left; MARGIN-TOP: 6pt; WIDTH: 9pt; HEIGHT: 38.55pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 147.6pt; LEFT: 0px" id=_x0000_s1028 filled="t" fillcolor="fuchsia" type="#_x0000_t87"><FONT color=#000000></FONT></v:shape><SPAN style="COLOR: black" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </SPAN><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</SPAN></FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: fuchsia; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">人格权</SPAN><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="COLOR: fuchsia; FONT-SIZE: 14pt" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><v:shape style="Z-INDEX: 2; POSITION: absolute; TEXT-ALIGN: left; MARGIN-TOP: 6pt; WIDTH: 9pt; HEIGHT: 52.7pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 102.6pt; LEFT: 0px" id=_x0000_s1027 filled="t" fillcolor="#f60" type="#_x0000_t87"></v:shape><SPAN style="COLOR: black" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;</SPAN></FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: #ff6600; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">人身权</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black" lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: #339966; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">支配权、绝对权、对世权</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><FONT face="Times New Roman"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 14pt" lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN></SPAN></B><SPAN style="COLOR: black" lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</SPAN></SPAN></FONT><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: fuchsia; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">身份权</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: fuchsia" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><v:shape style="Z-INDEX: 5; POSITION: absolute; TEXT-ALIGN: left; MARGIN-TOP: 6pt; WIDTH: 9pt; HEIGHT: 38.55pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 147.6pt; LEFT: 0px" id=_x0000_s1030 filled="t" fillcolor="fuchsia" type="#_x0000_t87"></v:shape><v:shape style="Z-INDEX: 1; POSITION: absolute; TEXT-ALIGN: left; MARGIN-TOP: 6pt; WIDTH: 9pt; HEIGHT: 222.8pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 48.6pt; LEFT: 0px" id=_x0000_s1026 filled="t" fillcolor="blue" type="#_x0000_t87"></v:shape><SPAN style="COLOR: black" lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: blue; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">按内容</SPAN></B><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="COLOR: black" lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: fuchsia" lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</SPAN></SPAN></FONT><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: fuchsia; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">物权:</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: #339966; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">支配权、绝对权、对世权</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: black" lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: #ff6600; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">财产权</SPAN><SPAN style="BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; COLOR: #ff6600; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 36.75pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 3.5" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: black" lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: fuchsia; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">债权:</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: #339966; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">请求权、相对权、对人权</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><v:shape style="Z-INDEX: 6; POSITION: absolute; TEXT-ALIGN: left; MARGIN-TOP: 6pt; WIDTH: 9pt; HEIGHT: 52.7pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 102.6pt; LEFT: 0px" id=_x0000_s1031 filled="t" fillcolor="#f60" type="#_x0000_t87"></v:shape><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 14pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</SPAN></FONT></SPAN></B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: #ff6600; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">支配权</SPAN><SPAN style="BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; COLOR: #ff6600; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 14pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </SPAN><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</SPAN></FONT></SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: blue; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">按作用</SPAN></B><SPAN style="COLOR: black" lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: #ff6600; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">请求权<B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">→</B></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: fuchsia; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">只适用诉讼时效</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: black" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</SPAN></FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: #ff6600; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">抗辩权</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #ff6600" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: black" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;</SPAN></FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: #ff6600; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">形成权</SPAN><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: red; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">(高频考点)</SPAN></B><SPAN style="COLOR: black" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><v:shape style="Z-INDEX: 7; POSITION: absolute; TEXT-ALIGN: left; MARGIN-TOP: 6pt; WIDTH: 9pt; HEIGHT: 38.55pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 120.6pt; LEFT: 0px" id=_x0000_s1032 filled="t" fillcolor="#f60" type="#_x0000_t87"></v:shape><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: red; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">民事权利</SPAN></B><SPAN style="COLOR: black" lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: #ff6600; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">绝对权(对世权)<B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">→</B></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: fuchsia; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">物上请求权</SPAN><SPAN style="BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; COLOR: black; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="COLOR: black" lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </FONT></SPAN></SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: blue; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">按效力范围</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: blue" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: black" lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: #ff6600; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">相对权(对人权)</SPAN><SPAN style="BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; COLOR: #ff6600; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><v:shape style="Z-INDEX: 8; POSITION: absolute; TEXT-ALIGN: left; MARGIN-TOP: 6pt; WIDTH: 9pt; HEIGHT: 38.55pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 120.6pt; LEFT: 0px" id=_x0000_s1033 filled="t" fillcolor="#f60" type="#_x0000_t87"></v:shape><SPAN style="COLOR: black" lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: #ff6600; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">主权利</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #ff6600" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: black" lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: blue; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">按依从关系</SPAN><SPAN style="BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; COLOR: blue; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><FONT face="Times New Roman"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 14pt" lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN></SPAN></B><SPAN style="COLOR: black" lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</SPAN></SPAN></FONT><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: #ff6600; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">从权利:</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: fuchsia; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">抵押权、质权、留置权、地役权、担保物权</SPAN><SPAN style="BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; COLOR: black; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><v:shape style="Z-INDEX: 9; POSITION: absolute; TEXT-ALIGN: left; MARGIN-TOP: 6pt; WIDTH: 9pt; HEIGHT: 38.55pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 120.6pt; LEFT: 0px" id=_x0000_s1034 filled="t" fillcolor="#f60" type="#_x0000_t87"></v:shape><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 14pt" lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </FONT></SPAN></SPAN></B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: #ff6600; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">原权利:</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: fuchsia; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">合法事实引起的权利</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: black" lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: blue; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">按派生关系</SPAN><SPAN style="BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; COLOR: blue; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="COLOR: black" lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #ff6600" lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</SPAN></SPAN></FONT><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: #ff6600; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">救济权→</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: fuchsia; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">均为请求权</SPAN><SPAN style="BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; COLOR: #ff6600; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT color=#000000>民事权利是指民事主体为实现某种利益而为某种行为或不为某种行为的可能性。法律赋予主体享有一定的民事权利,实际上是确定人们享有利益和实现某种利益行为的范围或限度。在法定限度内,权利主体可以依自己的意志享有某种利益,或者依自己的意志去实现某种利益,由此表现出权利的意志因素,反映出权利人的行为自由。</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 19pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: blue; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">㈠.人身权、财产权与综合性权利<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT color=#000000>这是以权利内容的性质为标准所作的分类。财产权包括物权、债权,不具有专属于性;人身权包括人格权与身份权,具有专属性。</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT color=#000000>所谓综合性权利是指由财产权与人身权结合所产生的一类权利,其内容既包括财产利益也包括人身利益,专属性也不十分强烈。这类权利有三个:知识产权(具有财产权与人身权双重性质)、继承权(就其内容属财产权,但通常基于身份关系而取得)和社员权(如公司股东的股东权、合作社的社员权、建筑物区分所有权中的业主权等)。</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 19pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: blue; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">㈡.绝对权与相对权<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT color=#000000>这是以义务主体是否特定以及权利的特点所作的分类。绝对权是指无须通过义务人实施一定的行为即可实现并可对抗不特定人的权利,如人身权、物权、知识产权等。由于绝对权的义务主体不特定,故又称</FONT><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="COLOR: green">对世权</SPAN></B><FONT color=#000000>。相对权是必须通过义务人实施一定的行为才能实现并只能对抗特定人的权利,最典型者莫过于债权。由于相对权的义务主体是特定的,故又称</FONT><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="COLOR: green">对人权</SPAN></B><FONT color=#000000>。二者的相对区别在于:</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><FONT color=#000000><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN>1</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">.绝对权的义务人不特定;相对权的义务人特定。</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><FONT color=#000000><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN>2</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">.绝对权的法律关系中的权利义务不对应,权利人享有权利但无义务,义务人负有义务但不因此而享有权利;在相对权的法律关系中,双方主体的权利义务具有相对性。</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><FONT color=#000000><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN>3</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">.绝对权具有排他性,在遭受侵害时可以针对任何第三人提出主张与提起诉讼;但相对权只能是针对特定人产生效力的权利。</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><FONT color=#000000><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">4</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">.绝对权大多是公开的,故适用权利公示原则,并应当受到侵权法的保护;相对权都是一种不公开的权利,仅在特定当事人之间具有约束力,故不具有公示性,所以债权人一般不得向第三人主张侵权责任。</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><FONT color=#000000><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">5</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">.绝对权受到侵害,其救济方法首先要考虑恢复原状,而后才是赔偿损失的应用;而对相对权的侵害通常采用损害赔偿的补救方式。</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 19pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: blue; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">㈢.既得权与期待权<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT color=#000000>这是以是否已经取得为标准所作的分类。既得权是指权利人已经取得且可以实现的权利,期待权是指将来有取得与实现的可能性的权利。一般的民事权利都是既得权,</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT color=#000000>期待权是当事人尚未取得,必须有一定的事实发生才能实现,主要包括以下几种类型:</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><FONT color=#000000><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN>1</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">.在所有权保留买卖中,买受人对标的物的所有权所享有的期待利益。</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><FONT color=#000000><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN>2</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">.在附期限和附生效条件的合同中,在条件尚未成就或期限尚未到来之前,一方就合同所产生的债权享有的期待利益。</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><FONT color=#000000><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN>3</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">.保险合向受益人的权利。</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><FONT color=#000000><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">4</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">.继承人的权利。如法定继承人在继承开始前,法定继承人对遗产的期待;遗嘱成立之后,遗嘱继承人对遗嘱继承的财产享有的期待;遗赠抚养协议成立后抚养人对于用于遗赠的财产所有权的期待。</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 19pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: blue; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">㈣.主权利与从权利<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" class=MsoNormal><FONT color=#000000><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">根据民事权利之间的主从关系可以将民事权利作此分类。主权利是指在相互关联的几项民事权利中,不依赖于其他权利即可独立存在的权利,也称独存权;从权利则是不能独立存在而从属于主权利的权利,又称附属权,如为担保债权实现而设定的担保物权,就是相对于主债权的一种从权利。可见,主权利与从权利是一对相对的法律概念,只有在具有主从关系的法律关系中才存在这种划分。主权利是从权利的基础与前提,从权利依附于主权利而存在。所以,从权利随主权利成立而成立、生效而生效、变更而变更、转让而转让、消灭而消灭(可参见《担保法》第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">52</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">73</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">88</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">条)。权利人不能在转让主权利的情况下而单独保留从权利,也不能在抛弃主权利的情况下而单独享有从权利。</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 19pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: blue; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">㈤.专属权与非专属权<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT color=#000000>以民事权利与主体之间是否存在专属关系为标准,可分为专属权与非专属权。</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" class=MsoNormal><FONT color=#000000><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">专属权是指专属于某特定民事主体的权利。如人格权、身份权均为专属权。专属权的性质决定了专属权不得让与、抛弃和继承,但也有例外,例如企业的名称权可以转让。非专属权,是指不属于某特定民事主体专有的权利。非专属权可以让与、抛弃和继承。一般,财产权多属非专属权。但依《宪法》第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">9</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">~</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">10</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">条的规定,矿藏、水流、森林、山岭等自然资源以及城市的土地的所有权归国家,为专属权。</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 19pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: blue; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">㈥.原权利(合法事实引起的权利)与救济权(责任请求权)<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT color=#000000>根据民事权利是原生的还是派生的,民事权利可分为原权利与救济权。原权利是民事法律关系中存在的权利。救济权是在原权利受到侵害或有受到侵害的现实危险时的权利。救济权是基于原权利而派生出的权利,其目的在于救济被侵害的原权利</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 19pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: blue; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">㈦.支配权、请求权、抗辩权与形成权<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" class=MsoNormal><FONT color=#000000><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="BACKGROUND: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT></SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; BACKGROUND: yellow; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-highlight: yellow">.支配权</SPAN></B></FONT><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT color=#000000>―――</FONT><SPAN style="COLOR: green">是典型的绝对权</SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT color=#000000>支配权是指权利人可以直接支配权利客体(物、人身利益与智力成果)并享有其利益的权利,典型者如</FONT><SPAN style="COLOR: maroon">物权、知识产权、人身权</SPAN><FONT color=#000000>。</FONT><SPAN style="COLOR: fuchsia">―――所谓的侵权,就是指侵犯支配权</SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" class=MsoNormal><FONT color=#000000><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">其特点是:(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)客体是特定的;(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)权利主体是特定的;(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)义务主体是不侍定的;(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">4</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)实现不需要义务人的积极作为;(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">5</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)具有排他效力。</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT color=#000000>支配权常常是确认之诉的对象。</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><FONT color=#000000><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="BACKGROUND: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT></SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; BACKGROUND: yellow; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-highlight: yellow">.请求权</SPAN></B></FONT><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: green; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">―――是典型的相对权</SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT color=#000000>请求权是指权利人要求他人为特定行为(作为或不作为)的权利。</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><FONT color=#000000><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">其特点是:(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)具有相对性;(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)具有非公示性;(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)大多表现为实体权利。</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><FONT color=#000000><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">请求权作为独立的实体权利,连接了实体法与程序法的权利,因为民事诉讼可以分为三种,即确认之诉、给付之诉、变更之诉,这三种诉讼中给付之诉是民事诉讼的核心,而给付之诉的基础就是请求权。请求权可以独立存在,也可以只是某权利的内容(权能)。请求权与债权的关系是:请求权是债权的主要内容,但债权又不限于请求权,债权的权能除了请求权之外,还包括“选择、解除、终止等权能”。而且,债权请求权因时效而消灭时,债权虽然减损了其强制力量,但仍然存在。债务人仍为履行之给付者,不得以不知时效为理由,而主张返还(《民法通则》第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">138</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">条、《民通意见》第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">173</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">条)。请求权既然可以是某权利的内容,说明它是基于基础权利而发生的,有基础权利,才能有请求权。请求权因基础权利的不同可分为:</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><FONT color=#000000><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT></SPAN></FONT><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT color=#000000>)</FONT><SPAN style="COLOR: #ff6600">物权请求权</SPAN><FONT color=#000000>:返还原物请求权、停止侵害请求权、排除妨害请求权、消除危险请求权;</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><FONT color=#000000><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT></SPAN></FONT><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT color=#000000>)</FONT><SPAN style="COLOR: #ff6600">债权的请求权</SPAN><FONT color=#000000>:合同履行的请求权,违约损害赔偿请求权、缔约过失请求权、无因管理请求权、侵权的请求权、不当得利所产生的请求权;</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><FONT color=#000000><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT></SPAN></FONT><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT color=#000000>)</FONT><SPAN style="COLOR: #ff6600">占有保护的请求权</SPAN><FONT color=#000000>:占有返还请求权、停止侵害请求权、排除妨害请求权、消除危险请求权;</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><FONT color=#000000><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">4</FONT></SPAN></FONT><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT color=#000000>)</FONT><SPAN style="COLOR: #ff6600">人格权和身份权法上的请求权</SPAN><FONT color=#000000>:人格受到侵害而产生的停止浸害、排除妨害、消除危险请求权,以及身份法上的抚养请求权、赡养请求权;</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><FONT color=#000000><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">5</FONT></SPAN></FONT><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT color=#000000>)</FONT><SPAN style="COLOR: #ff6600">知识产权法上的请求权</SPAN><FONT color=#000000>:知识产权受到侵害产生的停止侵害请求权、排除妨害请求权、消除危险请求权。</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT color=#000000>请求权在民法上的意义还在于,它确立了诉讼时效制度的范围,从而使诉讼时效与取得时效之间有明显的区别:</FONT><SPAN style="COLOR: purple">一般认为,诉讼时效适用的对象是请求权(</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: red">只适用于债权请求权和继承法上的请求权</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: purple">)</SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT color=#000000>请求权与诉权的关系是:请求权是诉权产生的基础,但请求权本身不等同于诉权:请求权具有可诉性,因此只有当事人进入诉讼领域之后,请求权确实派生出诉权,诉权正是请求权在诉讼上的表现。</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><FONT color=#000000><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="BACKGROUND: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT></SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; BACKGROUND: yellow; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-highlight: yellow">.抗辩权</SPAN></B></FONT></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><FONT color=#000000><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">又称异议权,是指对抗对方的请求权的权利。可以说</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">.</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">,请求权是矛,抗辩权是盾,抗辩权的功能在于延缓请求权的行使或使请求权归于消灭。</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><FONT color=#000000><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)抗辩权的特征:</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 36.75pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 3.5" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT color=#000000>①其行使以请求权的行使为前提,</FONT><SPAN style="COLOR: #3366ff">没有请求权的行使,抗辩权自无必要行使</SPAN><FONT color=#000000>。</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 36.75pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 3.5" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT color=#000000>②抗辩权只能由法律明确规定而产生,约定的抗辩事由只能产生合同的权利,而不是抗辩权。</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 36.75pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 3.5" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT color=#000000>③抗辩权为私权,否行使完全由当事人来决定,不主动援引者视为放弃;法官不得主动依职权审查抗辩权是否存在。</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 36.75pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 3.5" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT color=#000000>④抗辩权的行使有一定的期限限制,该期限要么由法律规定,要么推定为合理期限,但抗辩权没有自己独立的行使期间,因为抗辩权是依附于请求权而发生的,如果对方请求权合法成立,则抗辩权也就合法成立,如果对方的请求权不合法,则抗辩权也无必要行使。</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" class=MsoNormal><FONT color=#000000><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)根据不同的标准,抗辩权可以分为不同类别:</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 36.75pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 3.5" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: maroon; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">①实体法上的抗辩权与程序法上的抗辩权:</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: maroon" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 36.75pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 3.5" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT color=#000000>程序法上的抗辩权是指被告针对原告的诉讼请求从程序上提出异议,如管辖异议等。我国合同法上的同时履行抗辩权、先履行抗辩权、不安抗辩权以及担保法上的先诉抗辩权,均属于实体法上的抗辩权。应当指出,从实体角度看,抗辩权与抗辩不是一个概念,后者包含的事由极其广泛,凡属于对抗对方主张的事由皆属于抗辩。而抗辩权是一个严谨的法律概念。区分实体法上的抗辩权与程序法上的抗辩权的意义在于:程序法上的抗辩权可以由法官依职权审查;而对于实体法上的抗辩权,是否行使法官不得干涉。</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 36.75pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 3.5" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: maroon; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">②永久性抗辩权与延期性抗辩权:</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: maroon" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 36.75pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 3.5" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT color=#000000>永久性抗辩权又称为消灭性抗辩权,指权利人有永久阻止他人行使请求权的权利,例如:诉讼时效已届满,债权人甲请求债务人乙给付、乙提出诉讼时效己届满的证据这就是行使永久性辩权的行为,抗辩权可永久行使。又如,若存在合同请求权时,合同履行、代物清偿、提存、抵消、免除、解除合同等都构成永久性抗辩。延期性抗辩权指权利人在一定期间内、一定条件下可以提抗辩权,而非永久可以抗辩。合同法上的同时履行抗辩权、先履行抗辩权、不安抗辩权以及担保法上的先诉抗辩权,均属于延期性抗辩权。</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 36.9pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 3.5" class=MsoNormal><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: #333399; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">特别注意</SPAN></B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: #333399; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">:抗辩权的作用在于“对抗”而非否认对方的权利。抗辩权的行使以请求权存在且提出请求为前提。在未提出请求权的情况下,抗辩权无从行使。故而,在权利已消灭的情况下,不适用抗辩权。如甲欠乙</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #333399" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: #333399; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">万元,一年后甲已偿还,后乙又要求甲再给付</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #333399" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: #333399; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">万元,甲予以拒绝,否认自已欠乙</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #333399" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: #333399; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">万元的债务。这在性质上可称否认权,不属于抗辩权。</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #333399" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><FONT color=#000000><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="BACKGROUND: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">4</FONT></SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; BACKGROUND: yellow; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-highlight: yellow">.形成权</SPAN></B></FONT><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: olive; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">(形成权本是倭语,在日本法上是(单方)变更的意思)</SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT color=#000000>形成权是指权利人依单方意思表示使民事法律关系发生、变更、消灭的权利。形成权必须通过行使才能产生效力,否则虽然权利人享有权利,但法律关系不会发生任何变动。形成权的行使不以相对人的同意为要件,故对相对人的影响甚大,只有及时行使才能使法律关系尽快明确,为此需要在法律上规定</FONT><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="COLOR: #ff6600">除斥期间</SPAN></B><FONT color=#000000>。依此期间,权利人逾期不行使将导致权利的消灭。如果法律规定了该期间,即是形成权的存续期间;没有规定的,依当人的约定期间;无约定的,应当在合理期间内行使,否则权利即告消灭(《合同法》第</FONT></SPAN><FONT color=#000000><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">95</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">条)。</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" class=MsoNormal><FONT color=#000000><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">另外,形成权的行使还要遵循两条规则:<SPAN style="BACKGROUND: lime; mso-highlight: lime">一是不得附任何条件或期限</SPAN>(见《合同法》第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">99</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">条第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">款),<SPAN style="BACKGROUND: lime; mso-highlight: lime">二是一经行使不得撤销</SPAN>。因为行使形成权的意思表示一旦到达对方即生效,故无所谓撤销。但在到达对方之前,意思表示尚未生效,故自然可以撤回。</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" class=MsoNormal><FONT color=#000000><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)形成权具有下述特点:</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 36.75pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 3.5" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT color=#000000>①形成权的行使表现为单方行为:</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 36.75pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 3.5" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT color=#000000>②单方思表示一经到达对方即为生效(是故,行使形成权的意思表示可以撤回但不得撤消);</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 36.75pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 3.5" class=MsoNormal><FONT color=#000000><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">③效力的产生不需要另一方作出某种辅助行为或共同的行为</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">;</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 36.75pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 3.5" class=MsoNormal><FONT color=#000000><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">④形成权不能与所依附的原权利分割而单独转让</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">;</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 36.75pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 3.5" class=MsoNormal><FONT color=#000000><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">⑤形成权的存在有一定的除斥期间(《合同法》第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">95</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">条)。</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" class=MsoNormal><FONT color=#000000><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)形成权的分类:</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 36.75pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 3.5" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT color=#000000>①财产法上的形成权与身份法上的形成权。</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 47.25pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 4.5" class=MsoNormal><FONT color=#000000><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">A</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、财产法上的形成权又包括两类:</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 47.25pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 4.5" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT color=#000000>一是债权性形成权,包括追认权、终止权、选择权、买回权、解除权、撤销权、撤回权、抛弃权、抵消权、免除权等。</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 47.25pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 4.5" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT color=#000000>二是物权性请求权,包括撤消权、所有权的抛弃,他物权的抛弃、共有物分割请求权、典物回赎权等。</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 47.25pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 4.5" class=MsoNormal><FONT color=#000000><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">B</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、身份法上的形成权又分为纯粹身份法上的形成权与身份财产上的形成权:</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 47.25pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 4.5" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT color=#000000>在各国法上纯粹身份法上的形成权包括婚约撤销权、婚约解除权、婚姻撤销权,离婚请求权、婚生子女否认权、子女认领权、监护资格辞去权、遗嘱撤回权等;身份财产上的形成权包括继承人和受遗赠人对继承权或受遗赠权的抛弃、遗产分割权等。</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 36.75pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 3.5" class=MsoNormal><FONT color=#000000><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">②法定形成权与约定形成权。大多数形成权为法定形成权;约定形成权如约定的合同解除权(见《合同法》第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">93</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">条第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">款)</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 36.75pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 3.5" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT color=#000000>③通过诉讼行使的形成权</FONT><SPAN style="COLOR: #660033">(形成诉权;</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: olive">可变更可撤消的合同</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #660033">、</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: olive">合同保全中的撤消之诉、可撤消的婚姻</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #660033">)</SPAN><FONT color=#000000>与非通过诉讼行使的形成权</FONT><SPAN style="COLOR: #660033">(单纯形成权;</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: olive">效力待定合同的相对人的撤消权、赠与人的任意撤消权和法定撤消权、违约合同解除权</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #660033">)</SPAN><FONT color=#000000>。</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 36.75pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 3.5" class=MsoNormal><FONT color=#000000><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">绝大多数形成权为非通过诉讼行使的形成权(见《合同法》第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">47</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">48</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">51</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">96</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">186</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">192</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">条);通过诉讼行使的形成权是指权利人必须要到法院(仲裁机构)提起诉讼,经过法院的确认才能发生法律关系变动的法律效果,如法定撤消权的行使(《合同法》第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">55</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">75</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">条)。此种形成权是形成权的例外形式,强调通过诉讼行使这种权利:一是对第三人意义重大,二是为了避免发生纠纷。</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 36.75pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 3.5" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT color=#000000>④形成权还可以分为:发生形成权,变更形成权,消灭形成权。</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" class=MsoNormal><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; BACKGROUND: aqua; COLOR: #333300; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-highlight: aqua">注意:</SPAN></B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; BACKGROUND: aqua; COLOR: #333300; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-highlight: aqua">在学理上,(合同保全中)债权人行使的撤销权除了形成权的内容,还有请求权的内容。但在我国的合同法上,这种撤销权只规定了形成权的内容。―――<SPAN lang=EN-US>05</SPAN>年司考卷三<SPAN lang=EN-US>58</SPAN>题的选项<SPAN lang=EN-US>C</SPAN>明显有争议。―――对于<SPAN lang=EN-US>05</SPAN>年卷三第<SPAN lang=EN-US>4</SPAN>题选项<SPAN lang=EN-US>A</SPAN>认为已过诉讼时效的债权人有抵销权,和李建伟的说法也截然相反</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; COLOR: #333300; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 19pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US><o:p><FONT color=#000000>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; FONT-SIZE: 12.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT color=#000000>二、民事义务及分类<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT color=#000000>民事义务是指民事法律规范规定或当事人依法约定,义务人为一定的行为或不为一定的行为,以满足权利人利益的法律拘束。民事义务是当事人为实现他方的权利而受行为限制的界限。对民事义务的分类主要有以下几种:<BR></FONT></SPAN></P>

我是特种兵 发表于 2013-7-17 07:16:57

〆黑糖玛奇朵。 发表于 2013-7-18 13:25:11

为啥购买了还是不能看啊?

快乐的丹丹 发表于 2013-7-22 09:58:54

真哈皮

lyp001 发表于 2013-7-24 15:35:04

这是什么
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