史上最详细民法彩色笔记——110BBS论坛独家整理
<DIV align=left><FONT color=#000000></FONT></DIV><FONT color=#000000><FONT face=宋体><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt"><P style="BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext; TEXT-ALIGN: center; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; LINE-HEIGHT: 17pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: windowtext; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; mso-element: para-border-div; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt" class=MsoNormal align=left><FONT face="Times New Roman"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; COLOR: fuchsia; FONT-SIZE: 18pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 楷体_GB2312">史上最详细民法彩色笔记</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; COLOR: fuchsia; FONT-SIZE: 18.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 楷体_GB2312" lang=EN-US><?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></FONT></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; LINE-HEIGHT: 17pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly" class=MsoNormal align=left><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="COLOR: blue" lang=EN-US><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; LINE-HEIGHT: 17pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly" class=MsoNormal align=left><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: blue; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">民法两大规则:私法自治、交易安全</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: blue" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; LINE-HEIGHT: 17pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly" class=MsoNormal align=left><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: blue; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">物权法的目的是“物尽其用”;</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: blue" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; LINE-HEIGHT: 17pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly" class=MsoNormal align=left><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: blue; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">合同法的目的是“促进交易”;</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: blue" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; LINE-HEIGHT: 17pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly" class=MsoNormal align=left><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: blue; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">担保法的目的是“保护债权”;</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #333300" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; LINE-HEIGHT: 17pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly" class=MsoNormal align=left><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="COLOR: red; FONT-SIZE: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt" lang=EN-US><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline; mso-line-height-rule: exactly" class=MsoNormal align=left><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 隶书; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">第一部分<SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN></SPAN>民事权利、义务与责任<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></SPAN></B></P>
<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline; mso-line-height-rule: exactly" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: #ff6600; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">与民事权利紧密相列的概念是民事义务、民事责任。三者的逻辑联系在于:有民事权利,必有相应的民事义务,反之亦然;违反民事义务,必然产生相应的民事责任。</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #ff6600" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 17pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline; mso-line-height-rule: exactly" class=MsoNormal align=left><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; FONT-SIZE: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">一、民事权利及分类<SPAN lang=EN-US> P11</SPAN></SPAN></B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; FONT-SIZE: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 17pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" class=MsoNormal align=left><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black">(一)人身权、财产权与综合性权利</SPAN></B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: blue" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 17pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">所谓综合性权利是指由财产权与人身权结合所产生的一类权利,其内容既包括财产利益也包括人身利益,专属性也不十分强烈。这类权利有三个:知识产权(具有财产权与人身权双重性质)、继承权(就其内容属财产权,但通常基于身份关系而取得)和社员权(如公司股东的股东权、合作社的社员权、建筑物区分所有权中的业主权等)。</SPAN></P>
<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 17pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" class=MsoNormal align=left><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black">(二)绝对权与相对权</SPAN></B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: blue" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 17pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">这是以义务主体是否特定以及权利的特点所作的分类。绝对权是指无须通过义务人实施一定的行为即可实现并可对抗不特定人的权利,如人身权、物权、知识产权等。由于绝对权的义务主体不特定,故又称<B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="COLOR: #3366ff">对世权</SPAN></B><SPAN style="COLOR: #3366ff">。</SPAN>相对权是必须通过义务人实施一定的行为才能实现并只能对抗特定人的权利,最典型者莫过于债权。由于相对权的义务主体是特定的,故又称<B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="COLOR: #3366ff">对人权</SPAN></B><SPAN style="COLOR: #3366ff">。</SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 17pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" class=MsoNormal align=left><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black">(三)既得权与期待权</SPAN></B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: blue" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 17pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">这是以是否已经取得为标准所作的分类。既得权是指权利人已经取得且可以实现的权利,期待权是指将来有取得与实现的可能性的权利。一般的民事权利都是既得权。</SPAN></P>
<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 17pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" class=MsoNormal align=left><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black">(四)主权利与从权利</SPAN></B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: blue" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 17pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">主权利是从权利的基础与前提,从权利依附于主权利而存在。所以,从权利随主权利成立而成立、生效而生效、变更而变更、转让而转让、消灭而消灭(可参见《担保法》第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">52</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">73</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">88</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">条)。权利人不能在转让主权利的情况下而单独保留从权利,也不能在抛弃主权利的情况下而单独享有从权利。</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 17pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" class=MsoNormal align=left><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black">(五)专属权与非专属权</SPAN></B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: blue" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 17pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" class=MsoNormal align=left><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black">(六)原权利(合法事实引起的权利)与救济权(责任请求权)</SPAN></B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: blue" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 17pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">原权利是民事法律关系中存在的权利。救济权是在原权利受到侵害或有受到侵害的现实危险时的权利。救济权是基于原权利而派生出的权利,其目的在于救济被侵害的原权利。</SPAN></P>
<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 17pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" class=MsoNormal align=left><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: red">(七)支配权、请求权、抗辩权与形成权<SPAN lang=EN-US>P12</SPAN></SPAN></B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: blue" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 17pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" class=MsoNormal align=left><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="COLOR: blue" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT></SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: blue; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">.支配权</SPAN></B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">―――是典型的绝对权</SPAN></P>
<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 17pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">支配权是指权利人可以直接支配权利客体(物、人身利益与智力成果)并实现其利益的权利,典型者如<B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="COLOR: fuchsia">物权、知识产权、人身权。―――所谓的侵权,就是指侵犯支配权</SPAN></B></SPAN><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="COLOR: fuchsia" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 17pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">其特点是:(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)客体是特定的;(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)权利主体是特定的;(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)义务主体是不侍定的;(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">4</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)实现不需要义务人的积极作为;(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">5</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)具有排他效力。</SPAN></P>
<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 17pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly" class=MsoNormal align=left><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: #9900ff; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">支配权常常是确认之诉的对象。</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #9900ff" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 17pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly" class=MsoNormal align=left><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="COLOR: blue" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT></SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: blue; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">.请求权</SPAN></B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">―――是典型的相对权</SPAN></P>
<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 17pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">请求权是指权利人<B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">要求他人为特定行为</B>(作为或不作为)的权利。</SPAN></P>
<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 17pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">其特点是:(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)具有相对性;(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)具有非公示性;(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)大多表现为实体权利。</SPAN></P>
<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 17pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">请求权作为独立的实体权利,连接了实体法与程序法的权利,因为民事诉讼可以分为三种,即确认之诉、给付之诉、变更之诉,这三种诉讼中给付之诉是民事诉讼的核心,而给付之诉的基础就是请求权。<B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">请求权可以独立存在,也可以只是某权利的内容(权能)。</B></SPAN><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 17pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">请求权与债权的关系是:请求权是债权的主要内容,但债权又不限于请求权,债权的权能除了请求权之外,还包括“选择、解除、终止等权能”。而且,债权请求权因时效而消灭时,债权虽然减损了其强制力量,但仍然存在。债务人仍为履行之给付者,不得以不知时效为理由,而主张返还(《民法通则》第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">138</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">条、《民通意见》第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">173</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">条)。请求权既然可以是某权利的内容,说明它是基于基础权利而发生的,有基础权利,才能有请求权。</SPAN></P>
<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 17pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">请求权在民法上的意义还在于,它确立了诉讼时效制度的范围,从而使诉讼时效与取得时效之间有明显的区别:<SPAN style="COLOR: red">一般认为,诉讼时效适用的对象是请求权(只适用于债权请求权和继承法上的请求权)</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: red" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 17pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly" class=MsoNormal align=left><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="BACKGROUND: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT></SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; BACKGROUND: yellow; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-highlight: yellow">.抗辩权</SPAN></B></P>
<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 17pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">又称异议权,是指对抗对方的请求权的权利。可以说</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">.</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">,请求权是矛,抗辩权是盾,抗辩权的功能在于延缓请求权的行使或使请求权归于消灭。</SPAN></P>
<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 17pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)抗辩权的特征:</SPAN></P>
<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 17pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">①</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">其行使以请求权的行使为前提,<B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="COLOR: red">没有请求权的行使,抗辩权自无必要行使</SPAN></B>。</SPAN></P>
<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 17pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">②</SPAN><SPAN style="BACKGROUND: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; BACKGROUND: yellow; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-highlight: yellow">抗辩权<U style="text-underline: wave">只能由法律明确规定</U>而产生,约定的抗辩事由只能产生合同的权利,而不是抗辩权。</SPAN><SPAN style="BACKGROUND: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 17pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">③</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">抗辩权为私权,否行使完全由当事人来决定,不主动援引者视为放弃;法官不得主动依职权审查抗辩权是否存在。</SPAN></P>
<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 17pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">④</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">抗辩权的行使有一定的期限限制,该期限要么由法律规定,要么推定为合理期限,但抗辩权没有自己独立的行使期间,因为抗辩权是依附于请求权而发生的,如果对方请求权合法成立,则抗辩权也就合法成立,如果对方的请求权不合法,则抗辩权也无必要行使。</SPAN></P>
<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 17pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)根据不同的标准,抗辩权可以分为不同类别:</SPAN></P>
<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 17pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly" class=MsoNormal align=left><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="COLOR: #3366ff" lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN></SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: #3366ff; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">①实体法上的抗辩权与程序法上的抗辩权:</SPAN></B></P>
<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 17pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly" class=MsoNormal align=left><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="COLOR: #3366ff" lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN></SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: #3366ff; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">②永久性抗辩权与延期性抗辩权:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 17pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly" class=MsoNormal align=left><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="COLOR: #ff6600" lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN></SPAN></B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">注意:<B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="COLOR: red">抗辩权的作用在于“对抗”而非否认对方的权利。</SPAN></B>抗辩权的行使以请求权存在且提出请求为前提。在未提出请求权的情况下,抗辩权无从行使。故而,在权利已消灭的情况下,不适用抗辩权。如甲欠乙</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">万元,一年后甲已偿还,后乙又要求甲再给付</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">万元,甲予以拒绝,否认自已欠乙</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">万元的债务。这在性质上可称否认权,不属于抗辩权。</SPAN></P>
<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 17pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly" class=MsoNormal align=left><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="BACKGROUND: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">4</FONT></SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; BACKGROUND: yellow; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-highlight: yellow">.形成权</SPAN></B></P>
<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 17pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">形成权是指权利人依单方意思表示使民事法律关系发生、变更、消灭的权利。</SPAN></P>
<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 17pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">形成权必须通过行使才能产生效力,否则虽然权利人享有权利,但法律关系不会发生任何变动。<B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">形成权的行使不以相对人的同意为要件,故对相对人的影响甚大,只有及时行使才能使法律关系尽快明确,为此需要在法律上规定<SPAN style="COLOR: #ff6600">除斥期间</SPAN>。</B>依此期间,权利人逾期不行使将导致权利的消灭。如果法律规定了该期间,即是形成权的存续期间;没有规定的,依当人的约定期间;无约定的,应当在合理期间内行使,否则权利即告消灭(《合同法》第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">95</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">条)。</SPAN></P>
<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 17pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">形成权的行使还要遵循两条规则:<SPAN style="BACKGROUND: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow">一是不得附任何条件或期限</SPAN>(见《合同法》第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">99</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">条第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">款),<SPAN style="BACKGROUND: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow">二是一经行使<U style="text-underline: wave">不得撤销</U></SPAN>。因为行使形成权的意思表示一旦到达对方即生效,故无所谓撤销。但在到达对方之前,意思表示尚未生效,故自然<U style="text-underline: wave">可以撤回</U>。</SPAN></P>
<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 17pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)形成权具有下述特点:</SPAN></P>
<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 17pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">①</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">形成权的行使表现为单方行为:</SPAN></P>
<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 17pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">②</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">单方思表示<B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="COLOR: red">一经到达对方即为生效</SPAN></B>(是故,行使形成权的意思表示可以撤回但不得撤消);</SPAN></P>
<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 17pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">③</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">效力的产生不需要另一方作出某种辅助行为或共同的行为</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">;</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 17pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">④</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: fuchsia; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">形成权不能与所依附的原权利分割而单独转让</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: fuchsia" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">;</FONT></SPAN></B></P>
<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 17pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">⑤</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: fuchsia; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">形成权的存在有一定的除斥期间</SPAN></B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">(《合同法》第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">95</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">条)。</SPAN></P>
<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 17pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)形成权的分类:</SPAN></P>
<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 17pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">通过诉讼行使的形成权<SPAN style="COLOR: fuchsia">(形成诉权;可变更可撤消的合同、合同保全中的撤消之诉、可撤消的婚姻)</SPAN>与非通过诉讼行使的形成权<SPAN style="COLOR: fuchsia">(单纯形成权;效力待定合同的相对人的撤消权、赠与人的任意撤消权和法定撤消权、违约合同解除权)</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: fuchsia" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 17pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"></SPAN></SPAN> </P>
<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 17pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; FONT-SIZE: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">二、民事义务及分类<SPAN lang=EN-US> P17<o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 17pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">民事义务是指民事法律规范规定或当事人依法约定,义务人为一定的行为或不为一定的行为,以满足权利人利益的法律拘束。民事义务是当事人为实现他方的权利而受行为限制的界限。对民事义务的分类主要有以下几种:</SPAN></P>
<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 17pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: blue">㈠.法定义务与约定义务<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 17pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: blue">㈡.积极义务与消极义务<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 17pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: blue">㈢.基本义务与附随义务<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 17pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">在合同法中,以义务基础不同,分为基本义务与附随义务。基本义务是根据合同约定或者法律规定所产生的给付义务,包括主给付义务和从给付义务。<B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">附随义务是指合同当事人依据诚实信用原则所产生</B>,根据合同的性质、目的和交易习惯所应当承担的照顾义务、通知义务、协助义务等。</SPAN></P>
<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 17pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" class=MsoNormal align=left><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: fuchsia">◆ </SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: fuchsia; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">在现代民法中,民事义务的新发展主要表现在三个方面:</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: maroon" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 17pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" class=MsoNormal align=left><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT></SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">.合同法中义务的来源多样化:</SPAN></B><SPAN style="COLOR: green" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 17pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">合同义务主要是合同当事人约定的义务,但现代合同法上的合同义务来源多样化,导致违约责任概念的改变。传统合伺法认为仅仅只是当事人约定的义务才能称为合同义务,违反约定的义务才是违约责任。现代合同法认为,以下三种义务也是合同义务:一是法律规定的当事人必须遵守的强行性义务;二是附随义务,附随义务基于诚信原则而产生,体现在合同的履行及合同终止之后。</SPAN></P>
<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 17pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" class=MsoNormal align=left><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT></SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">.侵权法中安全注意义务的发展:</SPAN></B><SPAN style="COLOR: green" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 17pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">在现代侵权法中,行为人除了负有一般的不得侵害他人人身和财产的义务之外,还存在着一种作为的义务,即行为人应当尽到对特定受害人的安全保护义务。违反此义务的情形包括行为人违反了在先行为所产生的保护义务和经营者违反了特定的经营场所对特定的顾客所负有的安全保护义务。</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">一般安全注意义务的概念起源于德国,是法宫造法的产物。依据最高人民法院《关于审理人身损害赔偿案件适用法律若干问题的解释》(以下称《人身损害赔偿解释》)的规定,我国侵权法也确认了安全注意义务,广泛适用于经营者对消费者、社会活动组织者对活动参加者、学校对未成年学生、雇主对雇员、被帮工人对帮工人等多种关系中。</SPAN></P>
<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 17pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" class=MsoNormal align=left><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT></SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">.物权法中公法义务的扩张:</SPAN></B><SPAN style="COLOR: green" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 17pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">进人</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">20</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">世纪以来,对所有权所采取的公法限制有了重大进展。许多国家通过制定公法规范,对财产所有权进行限制,如环境法、公害防治法、城市规划法对私有物业财产的限制,此谓“所有权的社会化”,以体现个人利益与社会利益、国家利益的协调立法思想。</SPAN></P>
<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 17pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 17pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; FONT-SIZE: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">三、民事责任及分类<SPAN lang=EN-US> P18</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="mso-fareast-font-family: 黑体" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 17pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" class=MsoNormal align=left><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">不真正连带责任</SPAN></B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">是指各债务人基于不同的发生原因而对于同一债权人负有以同一给付为标的的数个债务,因一个债务人的履行而使全体债务均归于消灭,此时数个债务人之间所负的责任即为不真正连带责任。例如,甲委托乙保管一台彩电,乙在保管期间借给丙使用,丙使用时不小心摔毁,这样,乙对甲的违约损害赔偿责任与丙对甲的侵权损害赔偿责任即构成不真正连带责任。</SPAN></P>
<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 17pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly" class=MsoNormal align=left><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; COLOR: #003366; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'" lang=EN-US><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 17pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly" class=MsoNormal align=left><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; COLOR: blue; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">不真正连带责任(替代责任)与真正连带责任的区别在于:</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; COLOR: #003366; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 17pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)产生的原因不同。不真正连带债务基于不同的原因产生,是各个独立的债务,基于不同的发生原因而独立存在;而连带债务通常基于共同的原因而产生,如基于共同侵权行为而产生。(由于不真正连带责任的诉由不同,因此只能选择其一或者是不必要共同诉讼)。</SPAN></P>
<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 17pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)存在的目的不同。连带债务是多个债务人依其意思或法律规定,为了共同的目的而结合起来,各个债务都是为了达到此共同目的的手段;而不真正连带债务的债务人之间没有共同的目的,主观上也无联系,给付内容相同纯粹出于偶然的巧合。可以说,不真正连带责任的构成并不需法律的规定或当事人的约定,而是在具体的案件中由法院根据不同的法律关系来决定。</SPAN></P>
<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 17pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)数个债务人的给付内容相同。如上例中如果甲的彩电损失是</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1000</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">元,那么乙、丙的赔偿责任都是如此。因此,在不真正连带责任中,当一债务人履行全部债务以后,其他债务人的债务亦因此消灭。具体到某一个债务人清偿完毕后,可以向其他债务人追偿,视谁为最终的责任承担者而定。而真正的连带责任可以向其他债务人追偿应当承担的份额。</SPAN></P>
<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 17pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">4</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)债权人虽然享有数项债权,但一旦实现了某个请求权,即不应再向其他债务人提出请求。如上例中甲不得分别或同时从乙、丙身上各获得</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1000</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">元的赔偿。</SPAN></P>
<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 17pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: blue" lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: blue">过错责任、无过错责任与公平责任<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 17pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)过错责任:一般侵权行为</SPAN></P>
<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 17pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">是指行为人违反民事义务并致他人损害时,应以过错作为责任的要件和确定责任范围的依据的责任。可见依过错责任原则,若行为人没有过错,如加害行为因不可抗力而致,则虽有损害发生,行为人也不负责任。还有,在确定责任范围时应当确定受害人是否具有过错,受害人具有过错的事实可能导致加害人责任的减轻和免除。</SPAN></P>
<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 17pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)无过错责任:特别侵权行为</SPAN></P>
<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 17pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">是指行为人只要给他人造成损失,不问其主观上是否有过错而都应承担的责任。一般认为。我国合同法上的违约责任与侵权法上的特别侵权责任的归责原则即是无过错责任原则(见《合同法》第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">107</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">条与《民法通则》第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">106</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">条第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">款)。如在违约责任中,在违约责任发生后,非违约方只需证明违约方的行为已经构成违约即可,而不必证明其主观上有无故意或过失。对于违约方而言,通过举证自己无过错来免责是徒劳的,但可以通过证明违约行为是发生在不可抗力和存在特约的免责条件下获得免责。<B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">同理,特别侵权人也只能通过证明法定的免责事由的存在而获免责。</B></SPAN><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 17pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)公平责任:<SPAN style="COLOR: fuchsia">――杀富济贫条款</SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 17pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">是指在当事人对造成的损害都无过错,又不能适用无过错责任要求加害人承担赔偿责任,但如果不赔偿受害人遭受的损失又显失公平的情况下,由人民法院根据当事人的财产状况及其他实际情况,责令加害人对受害人的财产损失给与适当补偿的一种责任形式。<B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="COLOR: fuchsia">我国《民法通则》第</SPAN></B></SPAN><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="COLOR: fuchsia" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">132</FONT></SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: fuchsia; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">条规定公平责任适用于侵权责任领域,但合同法没有规定这一责任形态。</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: fuchsia" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 17pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly" class=MsoNormal align=left><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: #333300; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt" lang=EN-US> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
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